This research-grade peptide is supplied exclusively for laboratory and experimental use. SS-31 is studied in experimental systems focused on mitochondrial stability, oxidative stress modulation, and cellular energy preservation. Research models examine its role in maintaining mitochondrial efficiency under stress conditions.
In experimental and laboratory research settings, SS-31 (Elamipretide) is examined either as a standalone mitochondrial-targeting compound or within specific growth hormone–related research models.
Some experimental frameworks explore SS-31 alongside compounds involved in GHRH-mediated metabolic and mitochondrial signaling.
→ CJC-1295 (oral) – GHRH-related metabolic and mitochondrial signaling research
Other experimental models reference SS-31 in parallel with compounds studied for GH-axis modulation without long-acting GHRH analogs.
→ Tesamorelin – GH-axis and metabolic regulation research
→ Ipamorelin – GHRP-related energy and signaling research
In research frameworks not centered on growth hormone signaling, SS-31 is commonly examined alongside compounds involved in mitochondrial efficiency, cellular energy balance, and metabolic regulation.
→ SLU-PP-332 – mitochondrial energy signaling and metabolic efficiency research
Some experimental discussions reference SS-31 alongside compounds examined for oxidative stress regulation and intracellular redox homeostasis.
→ L-Glutathione – antioxidant and redox signaling research
→ 5-Amino-1MQ – NNMT-related metabolic and NAD⁺ pathway research
In specialized experimental models, SS-31 may be referenced alongside compounds studied for neurotrophic signaling and synaptic function.
→ Dihexa – neurotrophic and synaptic signaling research
Certain research discussions reference SS-31 alongside alternative peptide formats when evaluating delivery considerations and experimental exposure models.
→ BPC-157 (capsules) – comparative peptide format research
SS-31 peptide has been FDA-approved in 2025 for treating Barth syndrome, a rare mitochondrial disorder, by improving cardiac function and exercise tolerance in affected patients.
In clinical trials, SS-31 peptide demonstrates potential to alleviate symptoms of primary mitochondrial diseases, including fatigue and muscle weakness, by enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics.
For patients with heart failure, SS-31 shows promise in reducing cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury and improving overall heart function through mitochondrial stabilization.
SS-31 may benefit individuals with renal diseases by protecting against kidney ischemia-reperfusion damage, potentially slowing progression of chronic kidney disease.
In neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, preclinical and early clinical data suggest SS-31 could mitigate neuronal damage by reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria.
Aging-related frailty may be addressed by SS-31, as studies indicate it improves skeletal muscle function and reduces inflammation in elderly models.
SS-31 holds potential for treating orphan cardiomyopathies, where it supports mitochondrial integrity to enhance cardiac output and patient quality of life. Clinical trials have demonstrated that elamipretide can improve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduce complications after cardiac surgery.
For cognitive decline associated with aging, SS-31’s ability to restore mitochondrial health may improve brain function and memory in clinical settings.
SS-31 not only protects mitochondrial function but also plays a role in regulating the apoptotic process. It promotes cell survival by inhibiting endogenous apoptotic signals and delaying cell apoptosis. This property makes Elamipretide show potential in the study of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease because these diseases are often accompanied by abnormal cell apoptosis.
In models of dry age-related macular degeneration, SS-31 has shown efficacy in preserving retinal function by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in ocular cells.
Slow photoreceptor degeneration by preserving EZ (Ellipsoid Zone) integrity. Improve low-luminance vision and reduce GA (Geographic Atrophy) progression (though not statistically significant in Phase 2 primaries). Mitigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in RPE cells (Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell), potentially delaying vision loss. Offer neuroprotection without cytotoxicity.
Overall, SS-31’s broad therapeutic potential extends to metabolic disorders, where it could enhance energy production and insulin sensitivity by optimizing mitochondrial efficiency.
SS-31 peptide, a synthetic tetrapeptide, selectively targets mitochondria by binding to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane through hydrophobic interactions with acyl chains and electrostatic interactions with phosphate head groups.
This binding concentrates SS-31 in the inner membrane, stabilizing cristae morphology and optimizing the organization of respiratory chain supercomplexes.
SS-31 peptide interacts with subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes, such as complex III (QCR2 and QCR6), complex IV (NDUA4), and complex V (ATPA and ATPB), near their cardiolipin-binding sites. These interactions enhance electron transport efficiency and reduce hydrogen peroxide production in mitochondria.
By binding to ADP/ATP translocase (ADT1) in its matrix-open state, SS-31 prevents proton leak through charge repulsion while improving ADP sensitivity and ATP export.
SS-31 also binds to creatine kinase S-type near cardiolipin-binding residues, supporting mitochondrial structural integrity and phosphocreatine energy buffering.
In fatty acid β-oxidation, SS-31 interacts with the trifunctional enzyme subunit ECHA near its active site, potentially rescuing proton leak in deficient models.
For 2-oxoglutarate metabolism, SS-31 binds to isocitrate dehydrogenase at sites that may regulate enzymatic activity and NADPH production via electrostatic effects.
Additional interactions with 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex subunits and aspartate aminotransferase suggest SS-31 modulates TCA cycle flux and redox homeostasis.
Overall, these molecular interactions reduce reactive oxygen species, improve bioenergetics, and mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction at the protein and membrane level.
Sequence: D-Arg-Tyr(2,6-diMe)-Lys-Phe
Molecular Formula: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
Molecular Weight: 639.8 g/mol
PubChem CID: 11764719
CAS Number: 736992-21-5
Synonyms: elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia
Total Active Ingredient: 50 mg per vial
Research background & scientific overview:
→ SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondrial research mechanisms and study background
Related research context
To explore how mitochondrial efficiency and metabolic signaling intersect with muscle performance and recovery research, see:
→ Muscle Growth & Regeneration: Research Perspectives
Source PubChem
Este item é fornecido exclusivamente para fins de investigação.
Todas as informações fornecidas pela PRG destinam-se apenas a fins educativos e informativos.
Para manter a fiabilidade dos resultados laboratoriais, o armazenamento correto dos peptídeos é essencial. Condições adequadas ajudam a preservar a estabilidade dos peptídeos durante anos, protegendo-os contra contaminação, oxidação e degradação.
Embora alguns peptídeos sejam mais sensíveis do que outros, seguir estas boas práticas prolongará significativamente a vida útil e a integridade estrutural.
Os peptídeos podem ser comprometidos pela exposição à humidade e ao ar, especialmente após a remoção do congelador.
Os peptídeos em solução têm uma vida útil muito mais curta do que na forma liofilizada e são mais suscetíveis à degradação bacteriana.
Selecionar recipientes limpos, intactos, quimicamente resistentes e adequados ao volume da amostra.
Peptídeos enviados em frascos de plástico podem ser transferidos para vidro para armazenamento a longo prazo, se desejado.
