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Structures
TB-500 10 mg - Peptide for Regeneration & Healing
€125,00
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Overview
Introduction to TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) TB-500 is a synthetic version of Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4), a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide found in most eukaryotic cells. It is primarily known for sequestering G-actin (monomeric actin) and preventing its polymerization into F-actin filaments, thereby regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. At the molecular level, Tβ4 influences cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival through pathways including PI3K/Akt and HIF-1α, and through interactions with proteins such as PINCH-1 and ILK. It promotes tissue repair, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory
effects; however, it is not FDA-approved for human use and is primarily studied in research contexts.
NF-κB Modulation
Tβ4 acts as an NF-κB modulator by inhibiting its activation. It interferes with TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling, thereby reducing downstream IL-8 gene transcription and inflammation. This occurs via suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation and phosphorylation, as shown in corneal and endothelial cell studies. In pathogen-induced inflammation, this modulation enhances resolution by activating pro-resolving pathways.
Cytoskeleton Movement and Mitochondrial Shape
Tβ4 binds G-actin, thereby buffering the G-actin pool and regulating F-actin assembly, facilitating cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility, and lamellipodia formation. It influences mitochondrial shape by promoting mitochondrial transfer via tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) via Rac/F-actin pathways, maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) under oxidative stress, and preventing cristae disruption in damaged cells.
Cell Differentiation and Neonatal Gene Activation
Tβ4 promotes stem cell differentiation, particularly in cardiac and endothelial lineages, by upregulating embryonic genes like those in the epicardium. This is considered a primary effect, as it reactivates neonatal-like regenerative programs in adult tissues, enhancing organ repair via Wnt and Notch signaling. In thymocytes, it aids differentiation through cytoskeletal rearrangement and mitochondrial transfer in thymic epithelial cells.
Stroke Effect Reduction
Tβ4 reduces stroke effects by providing neuroprotection and neurorestoration. It decreases infarct volume, promotes oligodendrogenesis, and enhances axonal remodeling in embolic stroke models. Mechanisms include stabilizing hypoxia-induced brain microvascular barriers and improving neurological outcomes via actin sequestration and vascular repair, though effects vary in aged models.
Enhancement of Antibiotics
Tβ4 synergistically enhances antibiotic effects, such as ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in keratitis models, by promoting bacterial clearance, wound healing, and inflammation resolution without direct antibacterial action at neutral pH. It boosts host defense via pro-resolving mediators.
Actin Level Increase
Tβ4 increases actin levels indirectly by sequestering G-actin, regulating its availability for polymerization into F-actin. This elevates overall actin dynamics, supporting cell structure, migration, and repair processes.
Cell Migration to Injured Areas
Tβ4 facilitates cell migration to injured sites by binding actin and promoting the mobilization of stem/progenitor cells. It enhances endothelial and epithelial migration via integrin-linked kinase (ILK) activation and cytoskeletal remodeling, which are crucial for wound healing and tissue remodeling.
Angiogenesis
Tβ4 induces angiogenesis by upregulating angiogenic factors like angiopoietin-1 and von Willebrand factor. It promotes endothelial cell proliferation and vascular growth via PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling, thereby improving blood flow in ischemic tissues, such as the sciatic nerve, in diabetic models.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Tβ4 is anti-inflammatory, suppressing NF-κB and Toll-like receptor pathways to reduce cytokine production (e.g., IL-8, TNF-α). It limits inflammation in models like keratitis and liver fibrosis by activating autophagy and pro-resolving mediators.
DAPK1 Pathway Activation; Apoptosis and Autophagy Regulation
Tβ4 activates the DAPK1 pathway, promoting LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) for inflammation resolution. It regulates apoptosis by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling and autophagy via HIF-1α stabilization, protecting cells from stress-induced death while enhancing repair in tissues like the cornea and colon.
Effects in Pathogen-Caused Inflammation: Direct Anti-Microbial Effect
Tβ4 excels in pathogen-induced inflammation (e.g., bacterial keratitis) by enhancing host defense and resolution without strong direct anti-microbial activity at neutral pH. Its antimicrobial effects are pH-dependent, increasing at alkaline conditions (pH>7.0), where it inhibits bacteria such as S. aureus and E. coli, likely due to structural changes that enhance efficacy.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) Activation
Tβ4 activates TGF-β signaling pathways in certain contexts, such as tumor progression via TGF-β/MMP-2 signaling during metastasis. However, it often inhibits TGF-β activity, thereby suppressing Smad activation and reducing fibrosis and apoptosis in models such as renal injury and hepatic stellate cells.
PTEN Suppression for Muscle Repair in Diabetes
Tβ4 suppresses PTEN activity, thereby enhancing PI3K/Akt signaling and improving endothelial cell viability, proliferation, and senescence in diabetic models. This enhances reparative capacity, vascular density, and muscle repair, thereby alleviating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in type II diabetes. TB500 HED in research settings: 300-1000mcg/day. TB500 with LDN- supporting remyelination. Frequently administered in combination with BPC-157
TB-500 is frequently referenced in tendon and soft tissue repair models, including comparative peptide research.
➝ Best Peptides for Muscle and Tendon Recovery
For a research-focused explanation of how TB-500 is evaluated alongside other regenerative peptides, see:
➝ BPC-157 and TB-500: How These Peptides Work Together in Research
Product Description
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Product Name: TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)
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CAS Number: 77591-33-4
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Synonyms: Thymosin Beta-4, Tβ4, TB500
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Molecular Formula: C₂₁₂H₃₅₀N₅₆O₇₈S
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Molar Mass: 4963.5 g/mol
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PubChem ID: 16132397
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Total Amount of the Active Ingredient: 10 mg (per vial)
Structures
Source PubChem
Product Usage
This item is supplied for research purposes only.
Peptide Storage
All information provided by PRG is for educational and informational purposes only.
Best Practices for Storing Peptides
To maintain the reliability of laboratory results, correct peptide storage is essential. Proper storage conditions help preserve peptide stability for years while protecting against contamination, oxidation, and breakdown. Although certain peptides are more sensitive than others, following these best practices will greatly extend their shelf life and structural integrity.
- Short-Term Storage (days to months): Keep peptides cool and protected from light. Temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) are generally suitable. Lyophilized peptides often remain stable at room temperature for several weeks, but refrigeration is still preferred if use is not immediate.
- Long-Term Storage (months to years): Store peptides at –80 °C (–112 °F) for maximum stability. Avoid frost-free freezers, as defrost cycles can cause damaging temperature fluctuations.
- Minimize Freeze–Thaw Cycles: Repeated freezing and thawing accelerates degradation. Instead, divide peptides into aliquots before freezing.
Preventing Oxidation & Moisture Damage
Peptides can be compromised by exposure to moisture and air—especially immediately after removal from a freezer.
- Let the vial warm to room temperature before opening to prevent condensation.
- Keep containers sealed as much as possible, and if possible, reseal under a dry, inert gas such as nitrogen or argon.
- Amino acids like cysteine (C), methionine (M), and tryptophan (W) are particularly sensitive to oxidation.
Storing Peptides in Solution
Peptides in solution have a much shorter lifespan compared to lyophilized form and are prone to bacterial degradation.
- If storage in solution is unavoidable, use sterile buffers at pH 5–6.
- Prepare single-use aliquots to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
- Most peptide solutions are stable for up to 30 days at 4 °C (39 °F), but sensitive sequences should remain frozen when not in use.
Containers for Peptide Storage
Select containers that are clean, intact, chemically resistant, and appropriately sized for the sample.
- Glass vials: offer clarity, durability, and chemical resistance.
- Plastic vials: polystyrene (clear but less resistant) or polypropylene (translucent but chemically resistant).
- Peptides shipped in plastic vials may be transferred to glass for long-term storage if desired.
Regenesis Peptide Storage Quick Tips
- Keep peptides in a cold, dry, dark environment
- Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles
- Minimize exposure to air
- Protect from light
- Avoid storing in solution long term
- Aliquot peptides to match experimental needs